The Crown Jewels and the Secrets of Dunnottar Castle

Dunnottar Castle: Scotland’s Legendary Cliffside Fortress

1. Introduction

A Fortress Cloaked in Mist and Legend

Perched atop a rugged, windswept cliff overlooking the North Sea, Dunnottar Castle emerges like a vision from Scotland’s medieval past. Often veiled in mist, its ruined battlements and towering stone walls stand defiant against the relentless waves crashing below. The eerie silence that engulfs the ruins adds to its mystique, whispering the echoes of centuries of battles, sieges, and royal intrigue.

A Fortress Like No Other

Located on Scotland’s northeast coast, near Stonehaven, Dunnottar Castle is not just a medieval relic—it is one of the most impregnable fortresses in Scottish history. Its natural defenses, surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs and the sea, made it a key stronghold in the struggles for Scottish independence, monarchy, and rebellion.

The Secrets of Dunnottar Castle

Beyond its striking beauty and formidable structure, Dunnottar holds one of Scotland’s most dramatic historical secrets—its role in protecting the Scottish Crown Jewels, also known as the Honours of Scotland, from English forces. Over the centuries, the castle has seen royal visits, brutal sieges, and tales of defiance, all of which add to its haunting allure.

In this article, we will explore Dunnottar Castle’s history, architecture, legendary tales, and its present-day significance, uncovering why it remains one of Scotland’s most awe-inspiring medieval fortresses.

 2. The Storied History of Dunnottar Castle

Early Origins: A Fortress of the Picts

Before Dunnottar became the legendary medieval stronghold we know today, its rocky promontory was likely home to a Pictish fortress in the Early Middle Ages (5th–9th centuries). The Picts, Scotland’s mysterious early inhabitants, built hillforts and defensive structures on naturally protected sites like Dunnottar. In the 9th century, St. Ninian, an early Christian missionary, is said to have established a chapel here, marking the site’s spiritual and strategic significance.

By the 13th century, Dunnottar had transformed into a stone-built medieval fortress, serving as a key military stronghold for Scottish kings and noble families.

Key Historical Moments

The Siege by William Wallace (1297)

During the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1357), Dunnottar Castle became a battleground between Scottish and English forces. In 1297, William Wallace, Scotland’s national hero, laid siege to the castle, which was occupied by English troops. According to legend, Wallace set fire to the castle’s church, killing the English soldiers trapped inside—a brutal but decisive moment in Scotland’s fight for independence.

Mary, Queen of Scots' Visit (1562)

In 1562, the iconic Mary, Queen of Scots visited Dunnottar Castle during her royal tour of Scotland. The visit reinforced Dunnottar’s status as a seat of power, controlled by the influential Keith family, who were staunch supporters of Scottish monarchy.

The Scottish Crown Jewels and Dunnottar’s Role in the Wars

One of the most dramatic moments in Dunnottar’s history came in 1651, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which included the English Civil War). As Oliver Cromwell’s forces invaded Scotland, the Honours of Scotland (Scottish Crown Jewels)—the crown, sword, and scepter of Scottish monarchy—were secretly smuggled into Dunnottar for safekeeping.

As Cromwell’s army laid siege to the castle, defenders held out for eight months before being forced to surrender. However, in a daring escape, the castle’s defenders managed to sneak the Honours out, hiding them in a nearby church, ensuring they were never captured by English forces.

Jacobite Uprisings & Dunnottar’s Decline

Dunnottar continued to play a role in Scotland’s turbulent history, including the Jacobite uprisings of the 17th and 18th centuries, where Scottish forces fought unsuccessfully to restore the Stuart monarchy. By the 18th century, as warfare evolved and Scotland came under British rule, Dunnottar’s military importance faded, leading to its gradual abandonment.

Decline & Preservation

By the 18th century, Dunnottar Castle had fallen into ruin, its once-mighty walls left to the mercy of the North Sea’s harsh winds. However, in the 20th century, preservation efforts began to protect and restore the site, ensuring its history was not lost. Today, Dunnottar Castle remains one of Scotland’s most breathtaking historical landmarks, attracting visitors from around the world.

With its Pictish origins, legendary sieges, royal visits, and dramatic tales of defiance, Dunnottar Castle stands as a symbol of Scotland’s resilience and rich history.

3. The Castle’s Greatest Secret: Saving Scotland’s Crown Jewels

Among Dunnottar Castle’s many legendary moments, none is more dramatic and significant than its role in protecting the Honours of Scotland—the Scottish Crown Jewels—from falling into enemy hands. This daring tale of courage, deception, and loyalty remains one of the most extraordinary episodes in Scottish history.

The Honours of Scotland: Symbols of Royal Power

The Honours of Scotland—the crown, scepter, and sword of state—were used in the coronations of Scottish monarchs for centuries. Unlike the English Crown Jewels, which were destroyed by Oliver Cromwell’s forces during the English Civil War, Scotland’s royal regalia miraculously survived, thanks to a bold and secretive mission centered around Dunnottar Castle.

By 1651, as Cromwell’s army invaded Scotland, King Charles II fled to exile, leaving the Honours of Scotland vulnerable. Determined to keep them out of English hands, Scottish royalists sought a fortress strong enough to withstand a siege. Dunnottar Castle, with its imposing cliffs and near-impenetrable defenses, was chosen as the last line of defense.

The Dramatic Rescue (1651-1652): A Siege of Defiance

With the Honours safely hidden inside, Dunnottar’s governor, Sir George Ogilvy of Barras, and his garrison of soldiers prepared for a long siege against Oliver Cromwell’s forces. In September 1651, the English army, under General Morgan, surrounded Dunnottar, cutting off all supply lines.

For eight months, Ogilvy and his men bravely held out, refusing to surrender. However, by May 1652, the defenders were starving and outnumbered. Surrender seemed inevitable, and the Honours of Scotland risked falling into Cromwell’s hands—which would have meant their destruction.

In a stroke of genius, a daring plan was devised. With Cromwell’s forces closely watching the castle, Ogilvy’s wife, Elizabeth Douglas, and a local minister’s wife, Christian Grainger, managed to smuggle the Crown Jewels out of Dunnottar Castle right under the enemy’s nose.

How the Honours Were Smuggled Out

Different accounts exist about how exactly the Honours were smuggled out, but the most famous version states:

• Disguised as a simple washerwoman, Christian Grainger carried the precious jewels wrapped in linen past the enemy guards.

• The Honours were then hidden under the floor of Kinneff Church, a small church located a few miles south of Dunnottar.

• The minister of Kinneff, James Grainger, and his wife swore to keep the secret, ensuring the regalia remained safe until the monarchy was restored.

The Hidden Fate of the Jewels

Even after Dunnottar Castle fell to Cromwell’s forces in May 1652, the Honours of Scotland remained hidden beneath the stone floor of Kinneff Church for nine long years.

Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, King Charles II was restored to the throne, and the Honours were finally retrieved, once again becoming symbols of Scottish sovereignty. Today, they are displayed at Edinburgh Castle, serving as a reminder of the bravery and defiance that ensured their survival.

A Legacy of Courage

The story of how Dunnottar Castle’s defenders risked everything to protect Scotland’s most sacred royal treasures is one of bravery, strategy, and sheer determination. This extraordinary tale cements Dunnottar’s place in history as more than just a fortress—it was the last stand for Scotland’s royal legacy.

4. Dunnottar’s Haunting Beauty & Architecture

Perched atop a dramatic clifftop promontory on Scotland’s northeast coast, Dunnottar Castle is an architectural wonder that blends rugged natural defenses with medieval fortifications. Its isolated and windswept location makes it one of the most awe-inspiring and hauntingly beautiful castles in the world.

Cliffside Fortress: Nearly Unconquerable

Unlike many medieval castles built on plains or gentle hills, Dunnottar’s greatest strength lies in its geography.

• The castle sits on a steep, rocky headland, 50 meters (160 feet) above the North Sea, making a direct assault nearly impossible.

• The only entrance is through a narrow, winding path, forcing attackers into a vulnerable position.

• High fortified walls, towers, and battlements reinforced its already formidable natural defenses.

• Despite its stronghold status, the castle was besieged multiple times, most notably by William Wallace (1297) and Oliver Cromwell’s forces (1651-52).

This combination of human ingenuity and natural fortification made Dunnottar one of Scotland’s most impregnable strongholds.

Key Structures of Dunnottar Castle

1. The Keep (Tower House): The Heart of the Castle

The Keep, also known as the Tower House, was the central stronghold of Dunnottar.

• Built in the 14th century, it was the main residence of the lords of Dunnottar.

• This multi-story structure housed living quarters, meeting halls, and storage rooms.

• The Keep’s thick stone walls and narrow windows were designed for both defense and insulation against the harsh Scottish climate.

• Though now in ruins, its looming presence still dominates the castle grounds.

2. The Chapel: A Sacred Place of Worship

The small chapel within Dunnottar Castle holds a deep historical and spiritual significance.

• Mary, Queen of Scots, one of Scotland’s most famous monarchs, is said to have worshipped here during her visit in 1562.

• The chapel was used for religious ceremonies and as a sanctuary for castle residents.

• Despite being partially ruined, visitors can still see its ancient stonework and remnants of its altar, offering a glimpse into its past.

3. The Whigs’ Vault: A Grim and Tragic Prison

One of the darkest chapters in Dunnottar’s history is the Whigs’ Vault, a horrific dungeon used during the late 17th century.

• In 1685, 167 Scottish Covenanters—men and women who opposed the king’s interference in the Church of Scotland—were imprisoned in the dungeon for refusing to swear loyalty to King James VII.

• The vault was dark, cramped, and airless, leading to the suffering and death of many prisoners.

• Some Covenanters managed to escape, while others died of starvation, disease, or execution.

• Today, visitors can stand inside the Whigs’ Vault and feel the chilling atmosphere of this tragic place.

Why Filmmakers Love Dunnottar Castle

With its rugged beauty, dramatic cliffs, and atmospheric ruins, Dunnottar Castle has captured the imagination of filmmakers and storytellers worldwide.

• Hamlet (1990): Starring Mel Gibson and Glenn Close, this adaptation of Shakespeare’s tragedy used Dunnottar as the setting for the moody and brooding Elsinore Castle.

• Victor Frankenstein (2015): The castle’s eerie ruins served as the perfect Gothic backdrop for this reimagining of the classic Frankenstein tale.

• Other productions, documentaries, and travel films frequently feature Dunnottar for its haunting aesthetic.

A Fortress of Mystery and Majesty

Dunnottar Castle’s haunting beauty, strategic location, and historic structures make it one of Scotland’s most breathtaking and enigmatic castles. Whether viewed through the lens of history or cinema, this clifftop stronghold continues to captivate all who visit.

5. Myths, Legends, and Ghost Stories of Dunnottar Castle

Dunnottar Castle’s rugged cliffs and storm-lashed ruins create the perfect setting for mystical tales and eerie legends. Over the centuries, the castle has been shrouded in myths, ghost stories, and hidden treasure tales, making it a place of both historical significance and supernatural intrigue.

The Green Lady: Dunnottar’s Restless Spirit

One of the most famous ghostly legends surrounding Dunnottar Castle is that of The Green Lady, a spectral figure said to wander the ruins in search of something lost.

• According to legend, she is believed to be the spirit of a woman who died searching for a lost treasure or sacred relic.

• Some say she was a servant or noblewoman who perished tragically in the castle.

• Eyewitnesses have reported sightings of a woman dressed in a flowing green gown, particularly near the castle’s old chapel.

• The Green Lady is often linked to tales of hidden Catholic priests who sought refuge in the castle during times of religious persecution.

Despite the lack of historical proof, the lore of the Green Lady continues to intrigue ghost hunters and visitors alike.

Hidden Treasure Tales: The Mystery of Lost Jacobite Gold

Dunnottar Castle’s past is filled with war, rebellion, and hidden treasures, leading to persistent rumors of buried riches beneath its ruins.

• Jacobite Gold: Some believe that gold belonging to the Jacobite rebels—who fought to restore the Stuart monarchy—was hidden within the castle during the 18th century.

• Secret Chambers and Tunnels: Local legends suggest that underground tunnels beneath Dunnottar might still conceal lost wealth or relics.

• Crown Jewels Connection: Since the Honours of Scotland (Crown Jewels) were successfully smuggled out of Dunnottar during the Cromwellian siege in 1652, some believe other treasures may still lie undiscovered within the fortress.

Treasure hunters have searched for centuries, but no confirmed treasure has ever been found—leaving the mystery of Dunnottar’s hidden wealth alive.

Curses & Battles: Dark Legends of Dunnottar’s Violent Past

Dunnottar Castle has witnessed bloody battles, sieges, and suffering, giving rise to legends of curses and hauntings.

• The Curse of the Covenanters’ Vault:

  • The Whigs’ Vault, where 167 Covenanters were imprisoned in 1685, is said to be cursed.

  • Many prisoners died in agony, and visitors have reported strange noises, whispering voices, and chilling sensations in the vault.

• William Wallace’s Ghostly Revenge:

  • When William Wallace attacked Dunnottar in 1297, English soldiers were reportedly burned alive in the castle’s church.

  • Some claim that ghostly screams can still be heard on stormy nights, a chilling reminder of the castle’s violent past.

• The Phantom Piper:

  • A lone bagpiper is sometimes heard playing in the castle ruins, though no one is ever found.

  • According to folklore, a piper was sent into a secret tunnel beneath Dunnottar centuries ago but never returned.

A Fortress of Legends and Mystery

With its shadowy ruins, tragic history, and whispered ghost stories, Dunnottar Castle remains a place of mystique and fascination. Whether you visit for its historical significance or seek a brush with the supernatural, Dunnottar promises an unforgettable journey through Scotland’s past and its enduring legends.

6. Visiting Dunnottar Castle Today

Dunnottar Castle stands as one of Scotland’s most breathtaking and historically rich sites, drawing visitors from around the world. With its dramatic coastal location, fascinating ruins, and centuries of history, it offers an unforgettable experience for history lovers, photographers, and adventurers alike.

What to See: Exploring the Castle and Its Surroundings

Dunnottar Castle is much more than just a ruin—it’s a place where history, nature, and mystery intertwine. Here’s what visitors can expect:

1. The Ruins & Key Landmarks

• The Keep (Tower House) – The heart of the castle, offering panoramic views of the North Sea.

• The Chapel – A place of worship where Mary, Queen of Scots once visited.

• The Whigs’ Vault – A grim reminder of the Covenanters’ imprisonment.

• The Gatehouse & Defenses – Witness the strategic fortifications that made Dunnottar nearly impregnable.

2. The Scenic Views

• The castle sits on a clifftop promontory, surrounded by the crashing waves of the North Sea, creating some of the most breathtaking views in Scotland.

• Sunrise and sunset visits provide magical golden light over the ruins.

• During misty days, the castle looks hauntingly beautiful, adding to its legendary atmosphere.

3. Historical Exhibits

• The site features informational panels explaining its rich history.

• Some artifacts and historical reconstructions help bring the medieval era to life.

Tips for Visitors: Making the Most of Your Trip

If you’re planning to visit Dunnottar Castle, here are some essential travel tips:

Best Time to Visit

• Spring & Summer (April – September): Longer daylight hours, milder weather, and the best time for photography.

• Autumn & Winter (October – March): Fewer crowds, a moody atmosphere, and stunning misty views, but expect colder temperatures.

Photography & Best Spots

• The path leading to the castle entrance offers a perfect panoramic shot.

• Capture waves crashing against the cliffs from the coastline viewpoints.

• Dramatic drone shots (if permitted) can showcase the castle’s isolation.

Nearby Attractions

• Stonehaven – A charming coastal town just 2 miles away, famous for its harbor, seafood, and Highland hospitality.

• Stonehaven Beach & War Memorial – Stunning seaside walks with views of the castle.

• The Highland Games (summer months) – Experience Scottish traditions, including caber tossing and bagpipe performances.

Why It’s a Must-Visit Destination

Dunnottar Castle is more than just an ancient ruin—it’s a gateway to Scotland’s past, offering:

✅ Awe-inspiring landscapes perfect for nature lovers.
✅ A deep dive into medieval history and Scottish legends.
✅ A thrilling experience for adventurers, hikers, and photographers.

Whether you come for the history, the haunting beauty, or the legendary stories, Dunnottar Castle is an unmissable destination on Scotland’s northeast coast.

7. Conclusion

Dunnottar Castle stands as a timeless symbol of Scotland’s resilience, history, and mystery. From guarding the Honours of Scotland against Cromwell’s army to enduring sieges, royal visits, and legendary battles, this clifftop fortress has witnessed some of the most dramatic moments in Scottish history. Its haunting beauty, breathtaking views, and centuries-old secrets make it one of the most fascinating castles in the world.

Why Dunnottar’s Legacy Endures

Even in ruins, Dunnottar Castle continues to inspire. It represents:
✅ Scotland’s fight for independence during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
✅ A guardian of the Crown Jewels, protecting Scotland’s royal heritage.
✅ A place of myths and mysteries, where history and legend blur together.

Explore More of Scotland’s Castles

If Dunnottar Castle captivates you, Scotland has many more castles waiting to be explored—each with its own stories, battles, and hidden treasures. Whether you’re a history buff, an adventurer, or a photographer, Scotland’s castles promise unforgettable experiences.

A Final Mystery…

Dunnottar has revealed many secrets over the centuries—but could there still be hidden chambers, lost treasures, or untold stories buried beneath its ancient stones? Perhaps, the castle’s greatest secret is yet to be discovered…